Tuesday, 30 July 2013

Tattoos And Body Modifications - Links With Risk Behaviours

“Data gathered from a convenience sample of 450 college students indicated that tattooed respondents were substantively and significantly more likely to be sexually active than nontattooed college students.”

Koch, Jerome R., et al. “College Students, Tattoos, And Sexual Activity 1.” Psychological Reports 97.3 (2005): 887-890.




“Participants with tattoos and/or body piercings were more likely to have engaged in risk-taking behaviors and at greater degrees of involvement than those without either. These included disordered eating behavior, gateway drug use, hard drug use, sexual activity, and suicide. Violence was associated with males having tattoos and with females having body piercings. Gateway drug use was associated with younger age of both tattooing and body piercing. Hard drug use was associated with number of body piercings. Suicide was associated with females having tattoos and younger age of both tattooing and body piercing. Tattoos and body piercings were found to be more common in females than males.”

Carroll, Sean T., et al. “Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors.” Pediatrics 109.6 (2002): 1021-1027.




“Women with tattoos were more likely to be younger, to drink more alcohol, to have more psychiatric symptoms and to show borderline personality features than were the non tattooed women. They were also more likely to report child sexual abuse (CSA).”

Romans, S. E., et al. “Tattoos, childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric disorder in women.” Archives of Women’s Mental Health 1.3 (1998): 137-141.




“Clearly, the strongest association between tattoo and diagnosis is found in the personality disorders, particularly antisocial personality disorder. (1,2,6,7,11-13) In DSM-III-R, antisocial personality is grouped in cluster B of the personality disorders. Patients with disorders in cluster B are described as dramatic, emotional and erratic, as demonstrated by histories of civil arrest, divorce and chaotic lifestyle. (16) The patient in case 1 has a classic history for antisocial personality disorder, and the subject’s tattoos are typical of that diagnosis. Characteristics of persons with this disorder that may predispose them to tattooing are failure to plan ahead, impulsiveness and recklessness about their own safety. Antisocial personality, like tattooing, is often seen in several generations of a family. Self-abuse and low self-esteem are common in this disorder.

Borderline personality disorder also belongs in cluster B of the personality disorders, and the patient in case 2 is representative of this diagnosis. Persons with borderline personality., like those with antisocial personality, tend to be impulsive, to show lack of control and to engage, often repeatedly, in self-mutilating behaviors. (16) These are common behaviors in tattooed individuals. Tattooing may serve to bolster the defective ego and the unstable self-image that are major components of borderline personality disorder.

After antisocial personality, alcohol abuse and psychoactive substance abuse show the strongest association with tattoos, as reported in the literature. (8,11,13,17) Individuals with these disorders may be trying to fulfill needs engendered by their damaged egos. When intoxicated, they display impulsivity and lack of control. Drug addicts may actually use their tattoos to facilitate contact with drug suppliers while avoiding police detection. (11) Addicts commonly use tattoos to specify their drug of preference, displaying the letter H for heroin or M for marijuana, or the numeral 13 for morphine. (18) (M is the 13th letter of the alphabet.)”

Raspa, Robert F., and John Cusack. “Psychiatric implications of tattoos.” Am Fam Physician 41.5 (1990): 1481-6.




“Adults with BMs have had their first intercourse statistically earlier and were more sexually active compared with controls. There were no statically significant differences in sexual orientation, sexual preferences, engaging in risky sexual behaviors, frequency of masturbation, and history of sexual abuse between the groups. In contrast, the frequency of sexual intercourses was statistically higher and oral sex was more likely to be a dominant sexual activity in adults with BM compared with controls. The multivariate logistic model revealed that adults with BM were four times less likely to participate in religious practices and twice more likely to have early sexual initiation.”

Nowosielski, Krzysztof, et al. “Tattoos, piercing, and sexual behaviors in young adults.” Journal of Sexual Medicine 9.9 (2012): 2307-2314.




“Women who were pierced, compared with those without piercings, were more likely to have personality traits of low constraint or high negative emotionality. Women with piercings were also more likely to report having had, during the previous year, five or more heterosexual partners (odds ratio, 5.8, 95% CI: 2.3-14.6) or any same-sex partner involving genital contact (odds ratio, 10.3, CI: 2.9-37.2). The associations with sexual behavior in men were weaker and not statistically significant. In this population, body piercing in women was associated with sexual behavior. Having multiple heterosexual partners or any same-sex partner was very rare among women without piercings.”

Skegg, Keren, et al. “Body piercing, personality, and sexual behavior.” Archives of sexual behavior 36.1 (2007): 47-54.

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